SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    1, 15, 18, 20, 25, 27, 40, 46, 49, 54, 57, 
    67, 80, 200, 201, 234, 237, 241, 257, 
    261, 306
  )

Query time 0.00046

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 21,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (1,15,18,20,25,27,40,46,49,54,57,67,80,200,201,234,237,241,257,261,306)"
    }
  }
}

Result

id_path
1
2/7/15
2/7/18
2/7/20
2/8/25
2/9/27
308/3/12/40
308/3/12/46
308/3/13/49
308/3/13/54
308/3/13/57
308/3/13/67
308/3/13/80
308/3/13/200
308/3/14/201
308/231/234
308/231/237
308/232/241
275/257
308/3/12/261
306