SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    1, 15, 23, 50, 73, 75, 87, 91, 233, 240, 
    257, 261, 272, 306
  )

Query time 0.00027

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 14,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (1,15,23,50,73,75,87,91,233,240,257,261,272,306)"
    }
  }
}