SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    1, 15, 26, 31, 43, 52, 55, 67, 69, 70, 77, 
    85, 89, 107, 123, 229, 233, 235, 240, 
    241, 242, 243, 257, 261, 306, 336
  )

Query time 0.00045

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 26,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (1,15,26,31,43,52,55,67,69,70,77,85,89,107,123,229,233,235,240,241,242,243,257,261,306,336)"
    }
  }
}