SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    1, 23, 27, 28, 56, 67, 68, 70, 82, 242, 258, 
    261, 269, 306
  )

Query time 0.00029

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 14,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (1,23,27,28,56,67,68,70,82,242,258,261,269,306)"
    }
  }
}