SELECT 
  id_path 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    44, 48, 49, 53, 71, 90, 119, 208, 217, 228, 
    233, 237, 241, 250, 259, 269, 306
  )

Query time 0.00034

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "rows": 17,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id in (44,48,49,53,71,90,119,208,217,228,233,237,241,250,259,269,306)"
    }
  }
}